Debates on forced migration often assume that one is either a refugee or a citizen. To put it more starkly, refugees supposedly want nothing more than to relinquish their refugeeness and become instead, citizen. Accordingly, photographic representations of the journey of transformation and self-reinvention, in emphasizing a trajectory from refugee to citizen, take for granted the power of the nation-state in defining citizenship. However,  migrant justice activists, Indigenous activist-scholars, and theorists whose protest against and refusal of “border imperialism” are dislodging the concept of citizenship from the exclusive purview of the nation-state. This presentation considers the visual forms that such an action might take, especially in creating the possibility of “refugee citizenship,” a concept that critic Donald C. Goellnicht invokes to denote alternative forms of citizenship that challenge nation-state frameworks.

After the Second World War, as the Cold War took hold and many countries in the global south began to break free of colonial rule, the United States sought to promote its version of democracy across the world. In Africa, the U.S. Information Agency invested in a major program of activity within which photography served to imagine capitalist, consumerist, and democratic futures for the continent, modeled in its own image. From the mid-1950s, however, as African decolonization gathered pace and the U.S. civil rights movement took on new momentum, racial injustice presented an unprecedented challenge to this task, with images of racial violence circulating widely across the globe and undermining the image the U.S. sought to project. This presentation examines the ways in which the U.S. Information Agency responded to this challenge. For a brief period, civil rights protest was presented as a form of "democracy in action."

This session will reflect on recent civic movements from Latin America, considering the manifold ways in which photography has been deployed by members of the public towards justice seeking purposes. Starting with an in-depth discussion of the Nicaraguan case, where a large-scale student-led protest movement emerged in 2018, only to collapse into an ever-deepening human rights crisis, we will be looking at parallel examples from the region. How do different publics express their political identities and demands through photography? Can their aspirations be brought into being photographically? Ultimately, what happens when photography enters the political field, in the hands of the people?

Patricia Hayes engages with an archive of interviews with the late Santu Mofokeng (1956-2020) who posed critical questions about environmental activism in South Africa. Mofokeng argued that wide-ranging photographs of land and its development – actual and projected – might help to determine what the actual questions might be. He insisted that no one would pressure him to think "like other people" and interrogated the activities of anti-fracking groups as a symptom of a pre-existing white liberal problem. As a participant in an international project on "social landscapes" (2013), Mofokeng held back a number of images that in his view needed other kinds of unravelling and pointed to far deeper and older problems around race and exclusion.